Electric vehicles using chemical batteries have been tested for decades, but they are still in the practical stage. Solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, and wave energy all have storage problems. At present, they mainly rely on chemical batteries, but they are still limited by the life and efficiency of chemical batteries. Many of the above problems have prompted people to seek a green energy storage device with high efficiency, long life, high energy storage, easy to use, and no pollution. Unexpectedly, the ancient "flywheel" became the preferred object.

The energy storage component of the "flywheel" has been used for thousands of years. From the ancient spinning wheel to the steam engine in the industrial revolution, it used to use its inertia to balance the speed and the "dead point" because of them. The working cycle is very short, and each revolution is less than one second. In such a short period of time, the energy consumption of the flywheel is negligible. Now I want to use the flywheel to equalize the energy of the cycle for 12 to 24 hours, and the energy consumption of the flywheel itself becomes very prominent. Energy consumption is mainly from bearing friction and air resistance. People have changed the bearing structure, such as variable sliding bearings for rolling bearings, hydrodynamic bearings, gas dynamic pressure bearings, etc. to reduce the bearing friction, by vacuuming to reduce air resistance, the bearing friction coefficient has been as small as 10- 3. Even so small, the energy stored in the flywheel is still lost 25% in one day, still unable to meet the requirements of efficient energy storage. A further problem is that conventional flywheels are made of steel (or cast iron) with limited energy storage. For example, to make a power plant with a power generation of 1 million kilowatts equalize power generation, the energy storage wheel needs 1.5 million tons of steel! In addition, to complete the conversion of electrical energy mechanical energy, a complex power electronic device is needed, and thus the flywheel energy storage method has not been widely used.

In recent years, the breakthrough progress of flywheel energy storage technology is based on the rapid development of the following three technologies: first, the emergence of high-energy permanent magnets and high-temperature superconducting technology; second, the advent of high-strength fiber composite materials; third, power electronics technology improve dramatically. In order to further reduce the bearing loss, people have dreamed of removing the bearing and suspending the rotor with a magnet, but the test results are repeated failures. Later, it was theoretically clarified by a British scholar that the object could not be fully suspended by the permanent magnet (Earnshaw's theorem), which made the experimenter disheartened. Unexpectedly, the dream of full suspension of objects is realized in superconducting technology, which is like the comfort of nature to explorers.

The principle of superconducting magnetic levitation is such that when we align one pole of a permanent magnet with a superconductor and approach the superconductor, an induced current is generated on the superconductor. The current produces a magnetic field that is exactly opposite to the magnetic field of the permanent magnet, so that both generate a repulsive force. Since the resistance of the superconductor is zero, the induced current intensity will remain unchanged. If the permanent magnet approaches the superconductor in the vertical direction, the permanent magnet will hang in the position where the weight is equal to the repulsive force, and the resistance to the upper, lower, left and right interferences will be generated, and the interference force can be restored to the original position, thereby forming a stable magnetic levitation. If the lower superconductor is replaced by a permanent magnet, a repulsive force is also generated between the two permanent magnets in the horizontal direction, so the permanent magnet suspension is unstable.

Using the superconducting feature, we can place a flywheel of a certain quality on the permanent magnet and the flywheel as the rotor of the motor. When the motor is charged, the flywheel increases the speed to store energy, and the variable energy is mechanical energy; when the flywheel is decelerating, the energy is released, and the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. Figure 1 is a schematic view of an energy storage flywheel device. The superconductor is made of beryllium copper alloy and cooled to 77K with liquid nitrogen. The flywheel chamber is pumped to a vacuum of 10-8 Torr (the unit of vacuum is 1 Torr (Torr). ) = 133.332Pa), this flywheel consumes very little energy and consumes only 2% of energy storage per day.

Quality, v is speed. Since the speed of each point on the flywheel is different, its kinetic energy can also be expressed as:

In the formula, ∑ is the expression of “summation”, mi is the quality of each point on the wheel, and vi is the speed of each point on the wheel. It can be seen from the above formula that the energy storage capacity of the flywheel is related to the mass (weight) of the flywheel, and also related to the speed of each point on the flywheel, and is a square relationship. Therefore, increasing the speed (rotation speed) of the flywheel is more effective than increasing the mass. However, the speed of the flywheel is limited by the material of the flywheel itself. If the speed is too high, the flywheel may be torn by strong centrifugal force. Therefore, high-strength, low-density high-strength composite fiber flywheels can store more energy. At present, the carbon fiber composite material has a rim speed of up to 1000 m/s, which is higher than the bullet speed. It is precisely because of the advent of high-strength composite materials that the flywheel energy storage has entered the practical stage.

The following describes the progress of energy storage in foreign flywheels.


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